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Citing Online Sources

It is important to give appropriate credit for any material you use, including information from the Internet. To properly cite facts, data, images, or other information you find online, first determine whether the Internet source is a primary or secondary source. Online material often originates from other publishing venues, and a correct citation requires the identification of the original source. Check the site for "created by" or "updated on" or "about" to locate the necessary information. When the identity of the original source is available, cite the source using the following order: author; title of the work; print publisher (if applicable); followed by the electronic publisher. (See examples below.) In instances where the identity of the original source is not available, user discretion is advised. Remember, copyright laws apply to electronic, as well as print, publishing. It is very important that the correct web address is used in a citation. To insure its accuracy, copy the <URL> from the address field of the browser displaying the site and paste it into your citation.

The following guidelines and examples are listed by the online category.

Web Site

Author's name if applicable (last name first). Title of page or title of web site (if given). Date of Internet publication or last update (month, day, year). Publication medium or sponsoring institution. Date of access (day, month, year). <URL>

Example: SAS inSchool. January 12, 2001. Online. 2 Feb. 2003. <http://www.sasinschool.com>

E-Journal

Articles and Books
Author's name (last name first). "Title of article." (Use italics for book and/or book excerpt.) Title of source. Volume or publisher information (date): pages. Title of web site. Date of Internet publication or last update (month, day, year). Date of access (day, month, year). <URL>

Example: McCullen, Caroline. "Copyright in a Digital World." Middle Ground: The Magazine for Middle Level Education. 3 (Oct. 1999): 51-52. SAS inSchool Resource Center. Jan. 12, 2001. 3 Feb. 2002. <http://www.sasinschool.com/resource/pages/
ethread_copyright.shtml>

Newspaper Article

Author's name (last name first). "Title of article." Title of newspaper. Date of Internet publication or last update (month, day, year). Date of access (day, month, year). <URL>

Example: Associated Press. "Punxsutawnwy Phil Sees Shadow." New York Times. February 2, 2002. 2 Feb. 2002. <http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/national/
AP-Groundhog-Day.html>

Review

Example: Author's name (last name first), review of Title of web site or book (use quotes for articles), by name of original author, Title of web site. Date of Internet publication or last update (month, day, year). Date of access (day, month, year).<URL>

Example: Kraft, Erik P., Brian, review of The Adventures of Sparrowboy, by Pinkney, Brian, The Boston Book Review. (no last update was found). 2 Feb. 2002. <http://bookwire.bowker.com/bookinfo/review.aspx?5473>

Audio/Sound File

Composer or originator's name (last name first). "Title of work." Date of original work or last update (month, day, year). Publication or source information. Title of web site. Date of access (day, month, year). <URL>

Example: Bush, George. "Gulf War Announcement." January, 1991. Associated Press. Real Audio Sounds. 2 Feb. 2002. <http://www.netwizards.net/~cryan/realaudio.html#history>

Image

Author or curator's name (last name first). "Title of work." Date of original work or last update (month, day, year). Publication or source information. Title of web site. Date of access (day, month, year). <URL>

Example: McAlpin, James. "Space Shuttle Program." February, 23, 2001. NASA. JSC Digital Image Collection Press Release Images. 2 Feb. 2002. <http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/iams/html/pao/pao.htm>

Video/Film Clip

Author's name if given (last name first). "Title of video or film clip." Title of web site. Date of access (day, month, year). <URL>

Example: "Grey Fox01.MPG."Animal Pictures Archive. 2 Feb. 2002. <http://www.animalpicturesarchive.com/animal/
AnimMovie/GreyFox01.html>

E-mail Message

Author's name (last name first). "Title of message." E-mail to the author. Date (month, day, year).

Example: Long, Debbie. "3-D Geometry." E-mail to the author. Feb. 2, 2002.

Discussion List

Author's name (last name first). Subject of the message. Online posting. Date of the message (month, day, year). Name of the list or discussion group. Access date (day, month, year). <URL> or email of the list's moderator.

Example: Valente, Ines N. "Writing Valentine's Day cards in Spanish." Online posting. February 2, 2001. FLTEACH. 2 Feb. 2002. <listserve@listserve.ACSU.BUFFALO.EDU.>



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